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<title>Grid balancing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grid balancing</span></span>

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<p><b>Grid balancing</b> ensures that electricity consumption matches electricity production of an <a href="Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> at any moment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity is by its nature difficult to store and has to be available on demand, so the supply shall match the demand very closely at any time despite the continuous variations of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a deregulated grid, a <a href="Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">transmission system operator</a> is responsible for the balancing (in the <a href="North_American_power_transmission_grid" title="North American power transmission grid">US electric system</a> smaller entities, so called <a href="Balancing_authority" title="Balancing authority">balancing authorities</a>, are in charge, overseen by reliability coordinators<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENERC20216_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENERC20216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In a <a href="Wide_area_synchronous_grid" title="Wide area synchronous grid">wide area synchronous grid</a> the short-term balancing is coupled with <a href="Frequency_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency control">frequency control</a>: as long as the balance is maintained, the frequency stays constant<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENERC20212_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENERC20212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at the <i>scheduled frequency</i>), whenever a small mismatch between aggregate demand and aggregate supply occurs, it is restored due to both supply and demand being frequency-sensitive: lower frequency increases the supply, and higher frequency increases the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENERC20211_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENERC20211-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of the beginning of 2020s, the actual balancing service was provided primarily by the <a href="Conventional_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional power station">conventional power stations</a>: <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frequently, the only quick-response safety margin is the <a href="Inertial_response" title="Inertial response">inertial response</a> provided by the <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the physically rotating machinery (<a href="Synchronous_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous generator">synchronous generators</a> and turbines). If there is a mismatch between supply and demand the generators absorb extra energy by speeding up or produce more power by slowing down causing the <a href="Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">utility frequency</a> (either 50 or 60 <a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>) to increase or decrease. However, the frequency cannot deviate too much from the target: many units of the electrical equipment can be destroyed by the out-of-bounds frequency and thus will automatically disconnect from the grid to protect themselves, potentially triggering a <a href="Power_outage" title="Power outage">blackout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since the 20th century grid balancing has become less predictable with more <a href="Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable energy</a> being installed into the grid. This has resulted in <a href="Wind_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind farms">wind farms</a> being turned off at night time, when wind is high and demand for power is low. In Scotland this has resulted in payouts,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most recently over £6m in 33 days has been paid by the grid to wind farms to not generate electricity.

</p><p>Constraint payments are made to other electricity suppliers as well as wind. In 2011/2012, payments by the National Grid in the UK totaled £324 million of which £31 million went to wind. In 2012/2013, thanks to improved transmission capability, they were £130 million of which only £7 million were for wind.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This temporary excess of <a href="Electric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric energy">electric energy</a> could alternatively be used in <a href="Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis of water</a> to make high purity <a href="Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrogen fuel</a> used in <a href="Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>. In areas with little hydroelectricity, <a href="Pumped_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumped storage">pumped storage</a> systems such as the <a href="Dinorwig_Power_Station" title="Dinorwig Power Station">Dinorwig Power Station</a> can allow the energy to be used for <a href="Operating_reserve" title="Operating reserve">operational reserve</a> or at times of peak demand rather than run a natural gas <a href="Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peaking power plant</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Intermittent_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">Intermittent energy source</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh20211_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh2021">Stawska et al. 2021</a>, p. 1.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås20221_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås2022">Ahlqvist, Holmberg & Tangerås 2022</a>, p. 1.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/grid-pays-6m-to-turn-off-wind-farm-turbines.21096009">"Grid pays £6m to turn off wind farm turbines"</a>. Herald Scotland. 2013-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/AboutElectricity/Balancing+the+network/">"How we balance the country's electricity transmission system"</a>. National Grid<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAhlqvistHolmbergTangerås2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ahlqvist, Victor; Holmberg, Pär; Tangerås, Thomas (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esr.2022.100812">"A survey comparing centralized and decentralized electricity markets"</a>. <i>Energy Strategy Reviews</i>. <b>40</b>: 100812. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EneSR..4000812A">2022EneSR..4000812A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esr.2022.100812">10.1016/j.esr.2022.100812</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-467X">2211-467X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246215293">246215293</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStawskaRomerode_WeerdtVerzijlbergh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Stawska, Anna; Romero, Natalia; de Weerdt, Mathijs; Verzijlbergh, Remco (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111920">"Demand response: For congestion management or for grid balancing?"</a>. <i>Energy Policy</i>. <b>148</b>: 111920. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnPol.14811920S">2021EnPol.14811920S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111920">10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111920</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4215">0301-4215</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225128593">225128593</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNERC2021" class="citation book cs1">NERC (May 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nerc.com/comm/OC/ReferenceDocumentsDL/Reference_Document_NERC_Balancing_and_Frequency_Control.pdf"><i>Balancing and Frequency Control</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation" title="North American Electric Reliability Corporation">North American Electric Reliability Corporation</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Electricity_delivery729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li>

<li><a href="Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li>

<li><a href="Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li>

<li><a href="Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_system_reliability" title="Power system reliability">Power system reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a>

<li><a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li>

<li><a href="Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">Dispatchable</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battery_energy_storage_system" title="Battery energy storage system">Battery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inertial_response" title="Inertial response">Inertial response</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter-based_resource" title="Inverter-based resource">Inverter-based resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br>and <a href="Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancillary_services" title="Ancillary services">Ancillary services</a></li>

<li><a href="Balancing_authority" title="Balancing authority">Balancing authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_(electrical_grid)" title="Contingency (electrical grid)">Contingency (electrical grid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li>

<li><a href="High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li>

<li><a href="Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conductor_gallop" title="Conductor gallop">Conductor gallop</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li>

<li><a href="Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Substation" title="Substation">Substation</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li>

<li><a href="Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_control_and_reactive_power_management" title="Voltage control and reactive power management">Voltage control and reactive power management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li>

<li><a href="Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Islanding" title="Islanding">Islanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a>

<li><a href="Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br>devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br>and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br>production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Grid_balancing&oldid=1287841615">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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